(UPT) Light As A Process Of Spatial Expansion–Contraction

# 1. THE ROOT QUESTION

In current physics, it is said that:

-  light has a wave-like nature,

- the energy of light appears in discrete steps E = hν and is associated with “photons”.

From here arise a number of questions that many people still ponder:

- a photon is assigned energy and momentum but has no rest mass – so what does that energy actually “belong to” in reality?

- a photon always moves at speed c and has no rest state – what mechanism is carrying and maintaining the motion of that energy?

- when we say light is a wave, we usually describe an “oscillating field”, but what is that field actually a state of, and what, in the end, is oscillating and propagating in space?

According to the Post-Modern Unified Theory (UPT) developed by Mr. Le Thanh Hao, there is a single unified mechanism that ties all these seemingly separate pieces together:

- light is a process of expansion–contraction of the vacuum of absolutely fundamental particles (Foundons), organized into a wave configuration.

# 2. SPACE IN UPT: VACUUM WITH INTENSITY I AND ADJUSTMENT LAWS

According to UPT:

- Space is not an ownerless void.

- Every position belongs to the vacuum of a Foundon (an aggregated Foundon, a host Foundon).

- At each position there is a value of mass intensity I.

The space we experience is in fact:

- the vacuum of host Foundons at microscopic and macroscopic levels

  (the host Foundon of an atom, the host Foundon of the Moon, the host Foundon of a planet, …),

- the vacuum of aggregated Foundons

  (aggregation of single Foundons or aggregation in systems such as atoms, molecules, material structures, the Moon, planets, stars, …)

  inside the vacuum region covered by a host Foundon.

This vacuum is governed by several basic laws (in brief):

## a) Standard distribution

Each Foundon has a standard distribution of the mass intensity I in its internal vacuum.

Any deviation from this standard distribution is a cause that forces the vacuum to adjust.

## b) Expansion–contraction and the expansion–contraction relation

The vacuum always has a tendency to expand: at any position, it expands toward neighbouring regions whose intensity is lower.

Contraction at a position occurs when the surrounding intensity is everywhere higher; contraction is a consequence of the expansion of the surrounding vacuum, not an independent mechanism.

Every expansion–contraction process takes place under the constraint of the standard distribution of the vacuum, with an overall tendency to pull the system back toward that standard distribution.

## c) Continuity and exclusive ownership

The vacuum is continuous, with no ownerless empty regions.

Each position belongs to the vacuum of exactly one Foundon (exclusive ownership).

Because of continuity, expansion–contraction at one position necessarily pulls neighboring positions into expansion–contraction – they cannot remain completely outside the process.

## d) Appropriate equilibrium (including contact equilibrium)

With respect to a given cause, a position stops expanding–contracting when the mass intensity I at that position matches the corresponding standard distribution.

If that position lies exactly at the contact between two Foundons, the mass intensity I on both sides at that position must be equal.

When this condition is satisfied, that position (with respect to that cause) is in a state of appropriate equilibrium.

On this basis, all dynamical phenomena – waves, light, and what we effectively call fields or forces – are configurations of expansion–contraction and re‑equilibration of the vacuum.

# 3. WAVES: WHEN ADJUSTMENT IS NO LONGER LOCAL

Consider a position A in the vacuum.

Because of some cause, the mass intensity at A deviates from its current value:

I_A → I_A + ΔI_A.

According to the adjustment laws:

- the vacuum at A contracts or expands;

- due to continuity, positions very close to A (B, C, …) must also expand–contract so as not to break the surrounding structure of mass intensity I.

There are two possible evolutions:

## a) Local adjustment

Expansion–contraction occurs only in a small region around A;

this quickly brings that region into a new appropriate equilibrium;

the deviation ΔI does not propagate far.

## b) Propagating adjustment

Expansion–contraction at A forces region B to adjust;

B pulls C;

C pulls the next regions;

thus forming an expansion–contraction configuration that gradually propagates away from the region where the deviation first occurred.

Case (b) is a wave.

UPT definition (condensed):

A wave is the phenomenon in which the vacuum expands–contracts and this expansion–contraction propagates successively,

i.e. the deviation ΔI spreads from region to region according to the laws of standard distribution, expansion–contraction, continuity, exclusive ownership and appropriate equilibrium.

At each position that a wave configuration passes through:

- the vacuum there undergoes one complete episode of expansion–contraction caused by that wave;

- when the adjustment process due to that cause for that position has finished, that position is in a new appropriate equilibrium (for that cause).

When we say the wave has died out at a position, it means:

- with respect to that specific wave cause,

- the propagating expansion–contraction configuration no longer continues at that position.

In UPT:

- there is no stream of particles that builds up a wave;

- there is only the vacuum, its mass intensity I, the deviation ΔI, the expansion–contraction configurations of the vacuum, and the propagation of ΔI.

# 4. LIGHT: A FAMILY OF WAVE CONFIGURATIONS OF THE VACUUM

Within the UPT framework, light does not require a separate essence different from waves.

Light is:

- a family of wave configurations, i.e. a family of expansion–contraction configurations of the vacuum that propagate successively,

- with characteristic frequencies ν, amplitudes, and specific ways of organizing the expansion–contraction.

The frequency band that the human eye receives (the visible region) is only:

- one part of this family of light wave configurations;

- the frequency domains that current physics calls infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves, X‑rays, gamma rays…

  are still wave configurations of expansion–contraction of the vacuum, differing in ν and in how they interact with aggregated structures.

Therefore, in UPT, the statement:

Light is a process of spatial expansion–contraction

is understood precisely as:

- space is a property of the vacuum, realized as the vacuum of Foundons (with mass intensity I, standard distributions and expansion–contraction laws);

- expansion–contraction is the adjustment of the vacuum’s mass intensity I according to these basic laws;

- light refers to those expansion–contraction configurations propagating successively (light wave configurations), with ν in ranges that we can observe.

# 5. EFFECTIVE PHOTON: ENERGY STEP ΔE = hν OF A WAVE CONFIGURATION

Optical experiments in current physics show that:

- when light wave configurations interact with aggregated structures (atoms, molecules, material media, …),

- the energy does not change continuously,

- but changes in discrete steps proportional to the frequency ν.

Current physics models each such step by a photon with:

- energy E = hν.

In UPT, it is important to distinguish the fundamental level from the effective level.

## 5.1. At the fundamental level

- Light is a wave configuration, i.e. a configuration of expansion–contraction of the vacuum propagating successively.

- At this fundamental level, no photon appears as a primitive quantity.

## 5.2. At the effective level

From an expansion–contraction configuration of frequency ν (a light wave configuration), UPT assigns to that configuration an effective wave energy E_wave.

When we consider suitable stable light wave configurations and impose discrete conditions in the step of unifying with the quantum description used in current physics, UPT allows us to select:

- a sequence of allowed wave configurations, such that

- the energies E_wave of the selected configurations form a discrete sequence of values,

- with a basic spacing ΔE = hν.

The formula for E_wave in PMP (the Post‑Modern Physics chapter in the UPT framework) is itself a continuous function of the expansion–contraction configuration; the discreteness belongs to the set of allowed configurations, not to UPT destroying the continuity of E_wave.

The smallest difference between two neighboring allowed values has the form:

ΔE = hν.

## 5.3. Definition of effective photon in UPT

In the step of matching to the current description:

- each energy step ΔE = hν of a light wave configuration at frequency ν

  is called an effective photon.

The number of photons in a given wave configuration, at the effective level, is:

- shorthand for how many energy steps ΔE = hν we conventionally partition the energy of that expansion–contraction configuration into,

- in a regime where counting in units of ΔE remains appropriate.

Accordingly:

In UPT, a photon is not a brick that builds up light;

it is an effective label for the energy step ΔE = hν

of a light wave configuration in which the vacuum expands–contracts with frequency ν.

If we need to use the phrase wave–particle duality, then:

- wave is the way to refer to a continuous expansion–contraction configuration of the vacuum that propagates the deviation ΔI;

- particle (effective photon) is the way to refer to the energy steps ΔE = hν of that same wave configuration when it is described in terms of energy.

In optical phenomena where a light wave configuration interacts with a bound system, each step ΔE = hν corresponds to one effective energy‑exchange event.

When we need to match both energy and momentum with the quantum model of current physics, UPT uses the language of photons and the tensor P_ij as presented in the mapping of force tensors in Post‑Modern Physics (PMP) of UPT.

At the fundamental level, there remain only:

- the vacuum expanding–contracting,

- and expansion–contraction configurations propagating successively.

# 6. CONCLUSION

Within the UPT framework:

## a) Space

- is the vacuum of Foundons,

- with mass intensity I, standard distributions, and the laws of expansion–contraction, continuity, exclusive ownership and appropriate equilibrium.

## b) Waves

- are phenomena in which the vacuum expands–contracts and this expansion–contraction propagates successively,

- i.e. the deviation ΔI propagates through regions of the vacuum.

## c) Light

- is a family of wave configurations of the vacuum,

- with well‑defined frequencies ν, amplitudes and expansion–contraction structures,

- which we observe under the name light radiation.

## d) Effective photons

- are not fundamental entities,

- but are names for the energy steps ΔE = hν of a light wave configuration of frequency ν,

- used to connect UPT with the energy formula E = hν and with current experimental results.

Therefore, the statement:

Light is a process of spatial expansion–contraction

in UPT is a statement at the fundamental level:

- space is the vacuum of Foundons;

- expansion–contraction is the way the distribution of mass intensity I adjusts itself according to the vacuum adjustment laws;

- light is a family of such expansion–contraction configurations propagating successively;

- and photon is simply a way of labelling the energy steps ΔE = hν of those wave configurations when we move up to the effective level and match to current physics.

(This document is like a paper, used for quick understanding of UPT, not a verbatim excerpt from the UPT theoretical framework.)

(English version translated from Vietnamese original.)

(Anyone wishing to explore UPT more deeply is invited to contact the author of UPT – Mr. Lê Thanh Hảo – by phone/Zalo/Viber at +84 778 885 000, or email: contact@chattruth.app.)